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1
2 =========================================================
3 Geant4 - an Object-Oriented Toolkit for Simulation in HEP
4 =========================================================
5
6 rdecay02
7 --------
8
9 Rdecay02 is created to show how to use the G4RadioactiveDecay process to
10 simulate the decays of radioactive isotopes as well as the induced
11 radioactivity resulted from nuclear interactions.
12
13 In this example a simple geometry consists of a cylindric target placed
14 in the centre of a tube detector. Various primary event generation and
15 tallying options are available.
16
17 1. GEOMETRY
18
19 The world is filled with "Air" and there are two components in it:
20
21 - Target: A cylinder placed at the origin along the z-axis. The default
22 size of the cylinder is 0.5 cm radius and 1 cm length, and its default
23 material is "CsI".
24
25 - Detector: A tube centered at the origin along the z-axis, with inner
26 radius matching the radius of the target. The default thickness of the
27 tube is 2 cm and it is 5 cm long. The default material is "Germanium".
28
29 The user can change the target/detector size and material, using the
30 commands in the directory /rdecay02/det
31
32 2. PHYSICS
33
34 The following physics processes are included by default:
35
36 - Standard electromagnetic
37 - Decay
38 - Radioactive Decay
39 By default radioactive decay is applied through out the geometry.
40 The user can limit it to just the target by commands :
41 /process/had/rdm/noVolumes
42 /process/had/rdm/selectVolume Target
43
44 - Hadronic processes
45
46 3. AN EVENT: THE PRIMARY GENERATOR
47
48 The primary kinematic is a single particle or ion shooted at the
49 centre of the target. The type of the particle and its energy are set in
50 PrimaryGeneratorAction, and can be changed via the G4 build-in commands of
51 ParticleGun class (see the macros provided with this example).
52 Default is Ne24, at rest.
53
54 4. DETECTOR RESPONSE
55
56 The relevant informations are collected in TrackingAction or
57 SteppingAction. These include:
58
59 - Emission particles in the RadioactiveDecay process:
60 particle PDGcode,
61 particle kinetic energy,
62 particle creation time,
63 particle weight.
64
65 Note: the residual nuclei is not considered as an emitted particle.
66
67 - Radio-Isotopes. All the radioactive isotopes produced in the simulation:
68 isotope PDGcode,
69 isotope creation time,
70 isotope weight.
71
72 - Energy depositions in the target and detector by prodicts of the
73 RadioactiveDecay process:
74 energy depostion (positive value for target and negative for detector),
75 time,
76 weight.
77
78
79 5. HISTOGRAMS
80
81 The test contains 7 built-in 1D histograms, which are managed by
82 G4AnalysisManager and its Messenger. The histos can be individually
83 activated with the command :
84 /analysis/h1/set id nbBins valMin valMax unit
85 where unit is the desired unit for the histo (MeV or keV, etc..)
86 (see the macros xxxx.mac).
87
88 histogram 0: The Pulse Height Spectrum (PHS) of the target.
89 histogram 1: The PHS of the detector.
90 histogram 2: The combined PHS of the target and detector.
91 histogram 3: The anti-coincidece PHS of the target.
92 histogram 4: The anti-coincidece PHS of the detector.
93 histogram 5: The coincidece PHS between the target and detector.
94 histogram 6: The emitted particle energy spectrum.
95
96 It is assumed the detector and target pulses both have an integration time
97 of 1 microsecond, and the gate is 2 microsecond for the coincidence spectrum.
98 The target and detctor have a threshold of 10 keV in the anti-/coincidence
99 modes.
100
101 Initially, all histograms but histogram 6 are inactive. They can all be turned on
102 with the command
103
104 /analysis/h1/setActivationToAll true
105
106 or specific histograms can be turned on with the command
107
108 /analysis/h1/setActivation i true
109
110 where i is the histogram index (0,... n).
111 To turn off, set the final argument to false
112
113
114 HistoManager includes also 4 ntuples whose contents are described in the above paragraphe
115 (detector response)
116 The ntuples can be activated with the command /analysis/ntuple/setActivation
117
118 One can control the name of the analysis file with the command:
119 /analysis/setFileName name (default rdecay02)
120
121 It is possible to choose the format of the histogram file : root (default),
122 xml, csv, by using namespace in HistoManager.hh
123
124 It is also possible to print selected histograms on an ascii file:
125 /analysis/h1/setAscii id
126 All selected histos will be written on a file name.ascii (default rdecay02)
127
128 6. VISUALIZATION
129
130 The Visualization Manager is set in the main().
131 The initialisation of the drawing is done via the commands
132 /vis/... in the macro vis.mac. To get visualisation:
133 > /control/execute vis.mac
134
135 The tracks are drawn at the end of event, and erased at the end of run.
136
137 gamma green
138 neutron yellow
139 negative particles (e-, ...) red
140 positive particles (e+, ions, ...) blue
141
142 7. HOW TO START ?
143
144 Execute rdecay02 in 'batch' mode from macro files :
145 % rdecay02 run.mac
146
147 Execute rdecay02 in 'interactive mode' with visualization :
148 % rdecay02
149 Idle> control/execute debug.mac
150 ....
151 Idle> type your commands
152 ....
153 Idle> exit
154
155 run.mac : decay of Ne24. A run of 1000 events
156 debug.mac: interactively. One Ne24 decay,
157 with visualization and tracking/verbose
158
159 8. FURTHER EXAMPLES
160
161 There are a number of macros files in the ./macros subdirectory, to show
162 the features of the G4RadioactiveDecay process. Most of them will lead to
163 the creation of an root file in the same name of the macro file.
164
165 u238c.mac: shows the decays of the U238 chain in analogue MC mode.
166
167 th234c-b.mac: shows the decays of Th234 in variance reduction MC mode.
168 All its secondaies in along the decay chains are generated. The default
169 source profile and decay biasing schemes are used to determine the decay
170 times and weights of the secondaries.
171
172 proton.mac: simulation of 1 GeV protons incident on a lead target.
173 The decays of the radio-siotopes created in the proton-lead interactions
174 are simulated with RadioactiveDecay in analogue MC mode.
175
176 proton-beam.mac: same as proton.mac, but the decays of the radio-siotopes
177 created in the proton-lead interactions are simulated with
178 RadioactiveDecay in variance reduction MC mode. The isotopes and those
179 along the decay chains are forced to decay in the time windows specified
180 by the user in file measures.data, and the weights of the decay products
181 are determined by the beam profile as defined in the beam.data file and
182 their decay times.
183
184 neutron.mac: macrofile to show the incident of low energy neutrons on an
185 user specified NaI target and the decays of the induced radio-isotopes.
186
187 ne24.mac: this shows the decays of Ne-24 to Na-24 in variance reduction MC
188 mode. Further decays of Na-24 are not simulated by applying the
189 nucleuslimits in RadioactiveDecay. Two runs are carried out.
190 One with the bracjing ratio biasing applied and one without.
191
192 isotopes.mac: to show the decays of a number of different isotopes in a
193 single macro file.
194
195 f24.mac: to show the different treatments one can apply to the decays of F24.
196 i) the complete decay chain from F24 to Mg24, in analogue mode;
197 ii) the complete chain, but in variance reduction mode;
198 iii) restrict to the decay of F24 only in analogue mode; iv) restrict to
199 the decay of F24 only but in variance reduction mode.
200
201 as74.mac: The decays of As74 which has a rather complicated decay scheme.
202 i) in analogue MC mode;
203 ii) in variance reduction MC mode.
204
205 UserRadDataPb210Test.mac: show how the user can define its own radioactive
206 decay datafile
207
208 UserEvapDataBiTest.mac: show how the user can define its own
209 photo-evaporation datafile
210
211 No252.mac: show how to simulate Radoactive decay for nuclei with Z>100
212 based on user datafile
