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1 -------------------------------------------------------------------
2
3 =========================================================
4 Geant4 - an Object-Oriented Toolkit for Simulation in HEP
5 =========================================================
6
7 TestEm3
8 -------
9
10 How to collect energy deposition in a sampling calorimeter.
11 How to survey energy flow.
12 how to print stopping power.
13
14 1- GEOMETRY DEFINITION
15
16 The calorimeter is a box made of a given number of layers.
17 A layer consists of a sequence of various absorbers (maximum MaxAbsor=9).
18 The layer is replicated.
19
20 Parameters defining the calorimeter :
21 - the number of layers,
22 - the number of absorbers within a layer,
23 - the material of the absorbers,
24 - the thickness of the absorbers,
25 - the transverse size of the calorimeter (the input face is a square).
26
27 In addition a transverse uniform magnetic field can be applied.
28
29 The default geometry is constructed in DetectorConstruction class, but all
30 of the above parameters can be modified interactively via the commands
31 defined in the DetectorMessenger class.
32
33
34 |<----layer 0---------->|<----layer 1---------->|<----layer 2---------->|
35 | | | | |
36 ==========================================================================
37 || | || | || | ||
38 || | || | || | ||
39 || abs 1 | abs 2 || abs 1 | abs 2 || abs 1 | abs 2 ||
40 || | || | || | ||
41 || | || | || | ||
42 beam || | || | || | ||
43 ======> || | || | || | ||
44 || | || | || | ||
45 || | || | || | ||
46 || | || | || | ||
47 || | || | || | ||
48 || cell 1 | cell 2 || cell 3 | cell 4 || cell 5 | cell 6 ||
49 ==========================================================================
50 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
51 pln1 pln2 pln3 pln4 pln5 pln6 pln7
52
53 NB. The number of absorbers and the number of layers can be set to 1.
54 In this case we have a unique homogeneous block of matter, which looks like
55 a bubble chamber rather than a calorimeter ...
56 (see the macro emtutor.mac)
57
58 2- PHYSICS LISTS
59
60 Physics lists are based on modular design. Several modules are instantiated:
61 1. Transportation
62 2. EM physics
63 3. Decays
64 4. StepMax - for step limitation
65
66 EM physics builders can be local (eg. in this example) or from G4 kernel
67 physics_lists subdirectory.
68
69 Local physics builders:
70 - "local" standard EM physics with current 'best' options setting.
71 these options are explicited in PhysListEmStandard
72
73 From geant4/source/physics_lists/builders:
74 - "emstandard_opt0" recommended standard EM physics for LHC
75 - "emstandard_opt1" best CPU performance standard physics for LHC
76 - "emstandard_opt2" similar fast simulation
77 - "emstandard_opt3" best standard EM options - analog to "local" above
78 - "emstandard_opt4" best current advanced EM options standard + lowenergy
79 - "emstandardWVI" standard EM physics and WentzelVI multiple scattering
80 - "emstandardSS" standard EM physics and single scattering model
81 - "emlivermore" low-energy EM physics using Livermore data
82 - "empenelope" low-energy EM physics implementing Penelope models
83 - "emlowenergy" low-energy EM physics implementing experimental
84 low-energy models
85
86 Physics lists and options can be (re)set with UI commands.
87
88 3- AN EVENT : THE PRIMARY GENERATOR
89
90 The primary kinematic consists of a single particle which hits the calorimeter
91 perpendicular to the input face. The type of the particle and its energy are
92 set in the PrimaryGeneratorAction class, and can be changed via the
93 G4 build-in commands of G4ParticleGun class (see the macros provided with this
94 example).
95
96 In addition one can choose randomly the impact point of the incident particle.
97 The corresponding interactive command is built in PrimaryGeneratorMessenger.
98
99 A RUN is a set of events.
100
101 TestEm3 computes the energy deposited per absorber and the energy flow through
102 the calorimeter.
103
104 4- VISUALIZATION
105
106 The Visualization Manager is set in the main() (see TestEm3.cc).
107 The initialisation of the drawing is done via the commands :
108 /vis/... in the macro vis.mac. In interactive session:
109 PreInit or Idle > /control/execute vis.mac
110
111 The default view is a longitudinal view of the calorimeter.
112
113 The tracks are drawn at the end of event, and erased at the end of run.
114 Optionally one can choose to draw all particles, only the charged ones, or
115 none. This command is defined in EventActionMessenger class.
116
117 5- PHYSICS DEMO
118
119 The particle's type and the physics processes which will be available
120 in this example are set in PhysicsList class.
121
122 In addition a built-in interactive command (/process/inactivate processName)
123 allows to activate/inactivate the processes one by one.
124 Then one can well visualize the processes one by one, especially
125 in the bubble chamber setup with a transverse magnetic field.
126
127 As a homework try to visualize a gamma conversion alone,
128 or the effect of the multiple scattering.
129
130 Notice that one can control the maximum step size, via the
131 StepMax process and the command /testem/stepMax
132 (see StepMax and PhysicsList classes)
133
134 6- HOW TO START ?
135
136 - Execute TestEm3 in 'batch' mode from macro files
137 % TestEm3 run01.mac
138
139 - Execute TestEm3 in 'interactive mode' with visualization
140 % TestEm3
141 ....
142 Idle> type your commands. For instance:
143 Idle> /control/execute run01.mac
144 ....
145 Idle> exit
146
147 Macros provided in this example:
148 - atlashec.mac: ATLAS HEC model
149 - dedx.mac: to control dE/dx calculation: 1 layer; minimum ionizing particle
150 - emtutor.mac: for tutorial; interactivity + visualisation
151 - geom.mac: to play with geometry
152 - ionC12.mac: ion C12, 1 layer
153 - lhcb.mac: LHCB ECAL model
154 - linac.mac: Linac/Ecal from Graham Wilson
155 - lockwood.mac: Al-Au-Al 1 layer (G.L.Lockwood et al. SAND79-0414 (1980))
156 - run01.mac: Lead-liquidArgon 50 layers; electron 1 GeV
157 - run02.mac: Tungsten-Silicon 50 layers; electron 1 GeV
158 - stepMax.mac: to illustrate step max mechanism
159 - storeTables.mac: show how to store and retrieve physics tables
160 - tileCal.mac: ATLAS tileCal
161 - vis.mac: to activate visualization
162
163 7- HISTOGRAMS
164
165 Testem3 can produce histograms :
166 histo 1 : energy deposit in absorber 1
167 histo 2 : energy deposit in absorber 2
168 ...etc...........
169 histo 10 : total energy deposit
170
171 histo 11 : longitudinal profile of energy deposit in absorber 1 (MeV/event)
172 histo 12 : longitudinal profile of energy deposit in absorber 2 (MeV/event)
173 ...etc...........
174
175 histo 21 : energy flow (MeV/event)
176 histo 22 : lateral energy leak (MeV/event)
177 histo 23 : total energy leakage
178 histo 24 : total energy: Edep + Eleak
179
180 NB. Numbering scheme for histograms:
181 layer : from 1 to NbOfLayers (included)
182 absorbers : from 1 to NbOfAbsor (included)
183 planes : from 1 to NbOfLayers*NbOfAbsor + 1 (included)
184
185 One can control the binning of the histo with the command:
186 /analysis/h1/set idAbsor nbin Emin Emax unit
187 where unit is the desired energy unit for that histo (see TestEm3.in).
188
189 One can control the name of the histograms file with the command:
190 /analysis/setFileName name (default testem3)
191
192 It is possible to choose the format of the histogram file : root (default),
193 xml, csv, by using namespace in HistoManager.hh
194
195 It is also possible to print selected histograms on an ascii file:
196 /analysis/h1/setAscii id
197 All selected histos will be written on a file name.ascii (default testem3)
198
