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25 //
26 // -------------------------------------------
27 //
28 // GEANT4 Class file
29 //
30 //
31 // File name: G4BraggIonModel
32 //
33 // Author: Vladimir Ivanchenko
34 //
35 // Creation date: 13.10.2004
36 //
37 // Modifications:
38 // 11-05-05 Major optimisation of internal int
39 // 29-11-05 Do not use G4Alpha class (V.Ivantc
40 // 15-02-06 ComputeCrossSectionPerElectron, Co
41 // 25-04-06 Add stopping data from ASTAR (V.Iv
42 // 23-10-06 Reduce lowestKinEnergy to 0.25 keV
43 // 12-08-08 Added methods GetParticleCharge, G
44 // CorrectionsAlongStep needed for io
45 //
46
47 // Class Description:
48 //
49 // Implementation of energy loss and delta-ele
50 // slow charged heavy particles
51
52 // -------------------------------------------
53 //
54
55 //....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oo
56 //....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oo
57
58 #include "G4BraggIonModel.hh"
59 #include "G4PhysicalConstants.hh"
60 #include "G4SystemOfUnits.hh"
61 #include "Randomize.hh"
62 #include "G4Electron.hh"
63 #include "G4ParticleChangeForLoss.hh"
64 #include "G4EmCorrections.hh"
65 #include "G4DeltaAngle.hh"
66 #include "G4ICRU90StoppingData.hh"
67 #include "G4ASTARStopping.hh"
68 #include "G4PSTARStopping.hh"
69 #include "G4NistManager.hh"
70 #include "G4Log.hh"
71 #include "G4Exp.hh"
72 #include "G4AutoLock.hh"
73
74 //....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oo
75
76 G4ASTARStopping* G4BraggIonModel::fASTAR = nul
77
78 namespace
79 {
80 G4Mutex alphaMutex = G4MUTEX_INITIALIZER;
81 }
82
83 G4BraggIonModel::G4BraggIonModel(const G4Parti
84 const G4Strin
85 : G4BraggModel(p, nam)
86 {
87 HeMass = 3.727417*CLHEP::GeV;
88 massFactor = 1000.*CLHEP::amu_c2/HeMass;
89 }
90
91 //....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oo
92
93 G4BraggIonModel::~G4BraggIonModel()
94 {
95 if(isFirstAlpha) {
96 delete fASTAR;
97 fASTAR = nullptr;
98 }
99 }
100
101 //....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oo
102
103 void G4BraggIonModel::Initialise(const G4Parti
104 const G4DataV
105 {
106 G4BraggModel::Initialise(p, ref);
107 const G4String& pname = particle->GetParticl
108 if(pname == "alpha") { isAlpha = true; }
109 if(isAlpha && fASTAR == nullptr) {
110 G4AutoLock l(&alphaMutex);
111 if(fASTAR == nullptr) {
112 isFirstAlpha = true;
113 fASTAR = new G4ASTARStopping();
114 }
115 l.unlock();
116 }
117 if(isFirstAlpha) {
118 fASTAR->Initialise();
119 }
120 }
121
122
123 //....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oo
124
125 G4double G4BraggIonModel::GetChargeSquareRatio
126
127
128 {
129 // this method is called only for ions, so n
130 if(isAlpha) { return 1.0; }
131 return G4BraggModel::GetChargeSquareRatio(p,
132 }
133
134 //....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oo
135
136 G4double G4BraggIonModel::ComputeCrossSectionP
137 con
138
139
140
141
142 {
143 G4double sigma =
144 Z*ComputeCrossSectionPerElectron(p,kinEner
145 if(isAlpha) {
146 sigma *= (HeEffChargeSquare(Z, kinEnergy/C
147 }
148 return sigma;
149 }
150
151 //....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oo
152
153 G4double G4BraggIonModel::CrossSectionPerVolum
154 con
155 con
156
157
158
159 {
160 G4double sigma = material->GetElectronDensit
161 ComputeCrossSectionPerElectron(p,kinEnergy
162 if(isAlpha) {
163 const G4double zeff = material->GetTotNbOf
164 material->GetTotNbOfAtomsPerVolume();
165 sigma *= (HeEffChargeSquare(zeff, kinEnerg
166 }
167 return sigma;
168 }
169
170 //....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oo
171
172 G4double G4BraggIonModel::ComputeDEDXPerVolume
173
174
175
176 {
177 const G4double tmax = MaxSecondaryEnergy(p,
178 const G4double tlim = lowestKinEnergy*massRa
179 const G4double tmin = std::max(std::min(cut,
180 G4double dedx = 0.0;
181
182 if(kineticEnergy < tlim) {
183 dedx = HeDEDX(material, tlim)*std::sqrt(ki
184 } else {
185 dedx = HeDEDX(material, kineticEnergy);
186
187 if (tmin < tmax) {
188 const G4double tau = kineticEnergy/mass;
189 const G4double x = tmin/tmax;
190
191 G4double del =
192 (G4Log(x)*(tau + 1.)*(tau + 1.)/(tau *
193 CLHEP::twopi_mc2_rcl2*material->GetElectronD
194 if(isAlpha) {
195 const G4double zeff = material->GetTotNbOfEl
196 material->GetTotNbOfAtomsPerVolume();
197 heChargeSquare = HeEffChargeSquare(zeff, kin
198 del *= heChargeSquare;
199 }
200 dedx += del;
201 }
202 }
203 dedx = std::max(dedx, 0.0);
204 /*
205 G4cout << "BraggIon: " << material->GetNam
206 << " E(MeV)=" << kineticEnergy/MeV
207 << " Tmin(MeV)=" << tmin << " dedx(
208 << dedx*gram/(MeV*cm2*material->Get
209 << " q2=" << chargeSquare << G4endl
210 */
211 return dedx;
212 }
213
214 //....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oo
215
216 void G4BraggIonModel::CorrectionsAlongStep(con
217 con
218 con
219 G4d
220 {
221 // no correction for alpha
222 if(isAlpha) { return; }
223
224 // no correction at a small step at the last
225 const G4double preKinEnergy = dp->GetKinetic
226 if(eloss >= preKinEnergy || eloss < preKinEn
227
228 // corrections only for ions
229 const G4ParticleDefinition* p = dp->GetDefin
230 if(p != particle) { SetParticle(p); }
231
232 // effective energy and charge at a step
233 const G4Material* mat = couple->GetMaterial(
234 const G4double e = std::max(preKinEnergy - e
235 const G4double q20 = corr->EffectiveChargeSq
236 const G4double q2 = corr->EffectiveChargeSqu
237 const G4double qfactor = q2/q20;
238 /*
239 G4cout << "G4BraggIonModel::CorrectionsAlo
240 << preKinEnergy << " Eeff(MeV)=" << e
241 << " eloss=" << eloss << " elossnew=" << e
242 << " qfactor=" << qfactor << " Qpre=" << q
243 << p->GetParticleName() <<G4endl;
244 */
245 eloss *= qfactor;
246 }
247
248 //....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oo
249
250 G4int G4BraggIonModel::HasMaterialForHe(const
251 {
252 const G4String& chFormula = mat->GetChemical
253 if(chFormula.empty()) { return -1; }
254
255 // ICRU Report N49, 1993. Ziegler model for
256
257 static const G4int numberOfMolecula = 11;
258 static const G4String molName[numberOfMolecu
259 "CaF_2", "Cellulose_Nitrate", "LiF", "Po
260 "(C_2H_4)_N-Polyethylene", "(C_2H_4)_N-Po
261 "Polysterene", "SiO_2", "NaI", "H_2O",
262 "Graphite" };
263
264 // Search for the material in the table
265 for (G4int i=0; i<numberOfMolecula; ++i) {
266 if (chFormula == molName[i]) {
267 return i;
268 }
269 }
270 return -1;
271 }
272
273 //....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oo
274
275 G4double G4BraggIonModel::HeStoppingPower(cons
276 {
277 G4double ionloss = 0.0;
278 if (iMolecula >= 0) {
279
280 // The data and the fit from:
281 // ICRU Report N49, 1993. Ziegler's model
282 // He energy in internal units of parametr
283 // Input scaled energy of a proton or Gene
284 G4double T = kineticEnergy/(massRate*CLHEP
285
286 static const G4float a[11][5] = {
287 {9.43672f, 0.54398f, 84.341f, 1.3705f,
288 {67.1503f, 0.41409f, 404.512f, 148.97f,
289 {5.11203f, 0.453f, 36.718f, 50.6f,
290 {61.793f, 0.48445f, 361.537f, 57.889f,
291 {7.83464f, 0.49804f, 160.452f, 3.192f,
292 {19.729f, 0.52153f, 162.341f, 58.35f,
293 {26.4648f, 0.50112f, 188.913f, 30.079f,
294 {7.8655f, 0.5205f, 63.96f, 51.32f,
295 {8.8965f, 0.5148f, 339.36f, 1.7205f,
296 {2.959f, 0.53255f, 34.247f, 60.655f,
297 {3.80133f, 0.41590f, 12.9966f, 117.83f,
298
299 static const G4double atomicWeight[11] = {
300 101.96128f, 44.0098f, 16.0426f, 28.0536
301 104.1512f, 44.665f, 60.0843f, 18.0152
302
303 const G4int i = iMolecula;
304
305 G4double slow = (G4double)(a[i][0]);
306
307 G4double x1 = (G4double)(a[i][1]);
308 G4double x2 = (G4double)(a[i][2]);
309 G4double x3 = (G4double)(a[i][3]);
310 G4double x4 = (G4double)(a[i][4]);
311
312 // Free electron gas model
313 if ( T < 0.001 ) {
314 G4double shigh = G4Log( 1.0 + x3*1000.0
315 ionloss = slow*shigh / (slow + shigh) ;
316 ionloss *= std::sqrt(T*1000.0) ;
317
318 // Main parametrisation
319 } else {
320 slow *= G4Exp(G4Log(T*1000.0)*x1) ;
321 G4double shigh = G4Log( 1.0 + x3/T + x4*
322 ionloss = slow*shigh / (slow + shigh) ;
323 /*
324 G4cout << "## " << i << ". T= " << T
325 << " a0= " << a[i][0] << " a1= " << a
326 << " shigh= " << shigh
327 << " dedx= " << ionloss << " q^2= " <
328 << G4endl;
329 */
330 }
331 ionloss = std::max(ionloss, 0.0) * atomicW
332 }
333 return ionloss;
334 }
335
336 //....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oo
337
338 G4double G4BraggIonModel::HeElectronicStopping
339 const G4double kinet
340 {
341 G4double ionloss ;
342 G4int i = std::min(z-1, 91); // index of at
343 //G4cout << "ElectronicStoppingPower z=" <<
344 // << " E=" << kineticEnergy << G4endl;
345 // The data and the fit from:
346 // ICRU Report 49, 1993. Ziegler's type of p
347 // Proton kinetic energy for parametrisation
348 // He energy in internal units of parametris
349 //G4double T = kineticEnergy*rateMassHe2p/CL
350 G4double T = kineticEnergy/CLHEP::MeV;
351
352 static const G4float a[92][5] = {
353 { 0.35485f, 0.6456f, 6.01525f, 20.8933f,
354 },{ 0.58f, 0.59f, 6.3f, 130.0f,
355 },{ 1.42f, 0.49f, 12.25f, 32.0f,
356 },{ 2.206f, 0.51f, 15.32f, 0.25f,
357 // },{ 2.1895f, 0.47183,7.2362f, 134
358 },{ 3.691f, 0.4128f, 18.48f, 50.72f,
359 },{ 3.83523f, 0.42993f,12.6125f, 227.41f,
360 // },{ 1.9259f, 0.5550f, 27.15125f, 26
361 },{ 1.9259f, 0.5550f, 27.1513f, 26.0665f,
362 },{ 2.81015f, 0.4759f, 50.0253f, 10.556f,
363 },{ 1.533f, 0.531f, 40.44f, 18.41f,
364 },{ 2.303f, 0.4861f, 37.01f, 37.96f,
365 // Z= 11-20
366 },{ 9.894f, 0.3081f, 23.65f, 0.384f,
367 },{ 4.3f, 0.47f, 34.3f, 3.3f,
368 },{ 2.5f, 0.625f, 45.7f, 0.1f,
369 },{ 2.1f, 0.65f, 49.34f, 1.788f,
370 },{ 1.729f, 0.6562f, 53.41f, 2.405f,
371 },{ 1.402f, 0.6791f, 58.98f, 3.528f,
372 },{ 1.117f, 0.7044f, 69.69f, 3.705f,
373 },{ 2.291f, 0.6284f, 73.88f, 4.478f,
374 },{ 8.554f, 0.3817f, 83.61f, 11.84f,
375 },{ 6.297f, 0.4622f, 65.39f, 10.14f,
376 // Z= 21-30
377 },{ 5.307f, 0.4918f, 61.74f, 12.4f,
378 },{ 4.71f, 0.5087f, 65.28f, 8.806f,
379 },{ 6.151f, 0.4524f, 83.0f, 18.31f,
380 },{ 6.57f, 0.4322f, 84.76f, 15.53f,
381 },{ 5.738f, 0.4492f, 84.6f, 14.18f,
382 },{ 5.013f, 0.4707f, 85.8f, 16.55f,
383 },{ 4.32f, 0.4947f, 76.14f, 10.85f,
384 },{ 4.652f, 0.4571f, 80.73f, 22.0f,
385 },{ 3.114f, 0.5236f, 76.67f, 7.62f,
386 },{ 3.114f, 0.5236f, 76.67f, 7.62f,
387 // Z= 31-40
388 },{ 3.114f, 0.5236f, 76.67f, 7.62f,
389 },{ 5.746f, 0.4662f, 79.24f, 1.185f,
390 },{ 2.792f, 0.6346f, 106.1f, 0.2986f,
391 },{ 4.667f, 0.5095f, 124.3f, 2.102f,
392 },{ 2.44f, 0.6346f, 105.0f, 0.83f,
393 },{ 1.413f, 0.7377f, 147.9f, 1.466f,
394 },{ 11.72f, 0.3826f, 102.8f, 9.231f,
395 },{ 7.126f, 0.4804f, 119.3f, 5.784f,
396 },{ 11.61f, 0.3955f, 146.7f, 7.031f,
397 },{ 10.99f, 0.41f, 163.9f, 7.1f,
398 // Z= 41-50
399 },{ 9.241f, 0.4275f, 163.1f, 7.954f,
400 },{ 9.276f, 0.418f, 157.1f, 8.038f,
401 },{ 3.999f, 0.6152f, 97.6f, 1.297f,
402 },{ 4.306f, 0.5658f, 97.99f, 5.514f,
403 },{ 3.615f, 0.6197f, 86.26f, 0.333f,
404 },{ 5.8f, 0.49f, 147.2f, 6.903f,
405 },{ 5.6f, 0.49f, 130.0f, 10.0f,
406 },{ 3.55f, 0.6068f, 124.7f, 1.112f,
407 },{ 3.6f, 0.62f, 105.8f, 0.1692f,
408 },{ 5.4f, 0.53f, 103.1f, 3.931f,
409 // Z= 51-60
410 },{ 3.97f, 0.6459f, 131.8f, 0.2233f,
411 },{ 3.65f, 0.64f, 126.8f, 0.6834f,
412 },{ 3.118f, 0.6519f, 164.9f, 1.208f,
413 },{ 3.949f, 0.6209f, 200.5f, 1.878f,
414 },{ 14.4f, 0.3923f, 152.5f, 8.354f,
415 },{ 10.99f, 0.4599f, 138.4f, 4.811f,
416 },{ 16.6f, 0.3773f, 224.1f, 6.28f,
417 },{ 10.54f, 0.4533f, 159.3f, 4.832f,
418 },{ 10.33f, 0.4502f, 162.0f, 5.132f,
419 },{ 10.15f, 0.4471f, 165.6f, 5.378f,
420 // Z= 61-70
421 },{ 9.976f, 0.4439f, 168.0f, 5.721f,
422 },{ 9.804f, 0.4408f, 176.2f, 5.675f,
423 },{ 14.22f, 0.363f, 228.4f, 7.024f,
424 },{ 9.952f, 0.4318f, 233.5f, 5.065f,
425 },{ 9.272f, 0.4345f, 210.0f, 4.911f,
426 },{ 10.13f, 0.4146f, 225.7f, 5.525f,
427 },{ 8.949f, 0.4304f, 213.3f, 5.071f,
428 },{ 11.94f, 0.3783f, 247.2f, 6.655f,
429 },{ 8.472f, 0.4405f, 195.5f, 4.051f,
430 },{ 8.301f, 0.4399f, 203.7f, 3.667f,
431 // Z= 71-80
432 },{ 6.567f, 0.4858f, 193.0f, 2.65f,
433 },{ 5.951f, 0.5016f, 196.1f, 2.662f,
434 },{ 7.495f, 0.4523f, 251.4f, 3.433f,
435 },{ 6.335f, 0.4825f, 255.1f, 2.834f,
436 },{ 4.314f, 0.5558f, 214.8f, 2.354f,
437 },{ 4.02f, 0.5681f, 219.9f, 2.402f,
438 },{ 3.836f, 0.5765f, 210.2f, 2.742f,
439 },{ 4.68f, 0.5247f, 244.7f, 2.749f,
440 },{ 2.892f, 0.6204f, 208.6f, 2.415f,
441 // },{ 3.223f, 0.5883f, 232.7f, 2.9
442 },{ 2.892f, 0.6204f, 208.6f, 2.415f,
443 // Z= 81-90
444 },{ 4.728f, 0.5522f, 217.0f, 3.091f,
445 },{ 6.18f, 0.52f, 170.0f, 4.0f,
446 },{ 9.0f, 0.47f, 198.0f, 3.8f,
447 },{ 2.324f, 0.6997f, 216.0f, 1.599f,
448 },{ 1.961f, 0.7286f, 223.0f, 1.621f,
449 },{ 1.75f, 0.7427f, 350.1f, 0.9789f,
450 },{ 10.31f, 0.4613f, 261.2f, 4.738f,
451 },{ 7.962f, 0.519f, 235.7f, 4.347f,
452 },{ 6.227f, 0.5645f, 231.9f, 3.961f,
453 },{ 5.246f, 0.5947f, 228.6f, 4.027f,
454 // Z= 91-92
455 },{ 5.408f, 0.5811f, 235.7f, 3.961f,
456 },{ 5.218f, 0.5828f, 245.0f, 3.838f,
457 };
458
459 G4double slow = (G4double)(a[i][0]);
460
461 G4double x1 = (G4double)(a[i][1]);
462 G4double x2 = (G4double)(a[i][2]);
463 G4double x3 = (G4double)(a[i][3]);
464 G4double x4 = (G4double)(a[i][4]);
465
466 // Free electron gas model
467 if ( T < 0.001 ) {
468 G4double shigh = G4Log( 1.0 + x3*1000.0 +
469 ionloss = slow*shigh*std::sqrt(T*1000.0)
470
471 // Main parametrisation
472 } else {
473 slow *= G4Exp(G4Log(T*1000.0)*x1);
474 G4double shigh = G4Log( 1.0 + x3/T + x4*T
475 ionloss = slow*shigh / (slow + shigh) ;
476 /*
477 G4cout << "## " << i << ". T= " << T << "
478 << " a0= " << a[i][0] << " a1= " <<
479 << " shigh= " << shigh
480 << " dedx= " << ionloss << " q^2= "
481 << G4endl;
482 */
483 }
484 ionloss = std::max(ionloss, 0.0);
485 return ionloss;
486 }
487
488 //....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oo
489
490 G4double G4BraggIonModel::HeDEDX(const G4Mater
491 const G4double
492 {
493 // aEnergy is energy of alpha
494 G4double eloss = 0.0;
495 // check DB
496 if(material != currentMaterial) {
497 currentMaterial = material;
498 baseMaterial = material->GetBaseMaterial()
499 ? material->GetBaseMaterial() : material
500 iPSTAR = -1;
501 iASTAR = -1;
502 iMolecula = -1;
503 iICRU90 = (nullptr != fICRU90) ? fICRU90->
504
505 if(iICRU90 < 0) {
506 if(isAlpha) {
507 iASTAR = fASTAR->GetIndex(baseMaterial);
508 if(iASTAR < 0) { iMolecula = HasMaterialForH
509 } else {
510 iPSTAR = fPSTAR->GetIndex(baseMaterial);
511 }
512 }
513 /*
514 G4cout << "%%% " <<material->GetName() <<
515 << iMolecula << " iASTAR= " << iAS
516 << " iICRU90= " << iICRU90<< G4end
517 */
518 }
519 // ICRU90
520 if(iICRU90 >= 0) {
521 eloss = (isAlpha)
522 ? fICRU90->GetElectronicDEDXforAlpha(iIC
523 : fICRU90->GetElectronicDEDXforProton(iI
524 if(eloss > 0.0) { return eloss*material->G
525 }
526 // PSTAR parameterisation
527 if( iPSTAR >= 0 ) {
528 return fPSTAR->GetElectronicDEDX(iPSTAR, a
529 *material->GetDensity();
530 }
531 // ASTAR
532 if( iASTAR >= 0 ) {
533 eloss = fASTAR->GetElectronicDEDX(iASTAR,
534 /*
535 G4cout << "ASTAR: E=" << aEnergy
536 << " dedx=" << eloss*material->GetDensity
537 << " " << particle->GetParticleName() <<
538 */
539 if(eloss > 0.0) { return eloss*material->G
540 }
541
542 const std::size_t numberOfElements = materia
543 const G4ElementVector* theElmVector = materi
544 const G4double* theAtomicNumDensityVector =
545 material->GetAtomicNumDensityVector();
546
547 // molecular data use proton stopping power
548 // element data from ICRU49 include data for
549 if(iMolecula >= 0) {
550 const G4double zeff = material->GetTotNbOf
551 material->GetTotNbOfAtomsPerVolume();
552 heChargeSquare = HeEffChargeSquare(zeff, a
553 eloss = HeStoppingPower(aEnergy)*heChargeS
554
555 // pure material
556 } else if(1 == numberOfElements) {
557
558 const G4Element* element = (*theElmVector)
559 eloss = HeElectronicStoppingPower(element-
560 * (material->GetTotNbOfAtomsPerVolume())
561
562 // Brugg's rule calculation
563 } else {
564 // loop for the elements in the material
565 for (std::size_t i=0; i<numberOfElements;
566 const G4Element* element = (*theElmVecto
567 eloss += HeElectronicStoppingPower(eleme
568 * theAtomicNumDensityVector[i];
569 }
570 }
571 return eloss*theZieglerFactor;
572 }
573
574 //....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oo
575
576 G4double
577 G4BraggIonModel::HeEffChargeSquare(const G4dou
578 const G4dou
579 {
580 // The aproximation of He effective charge f
581 // J.F.Ziegler, J.P. Biersack, U. Littmark
582 // The Stopping and Range of Ions in Matter,
583 // Vol.1, Pergamon Press, 1985
584
585 static const G4double c[6] = {0.2865, 0.126
586 0.02402,-0.011
587
588 G4double e = std::max(0.0, G4Log(kinEnergyHe
589 G4double x = c[0] ;
590 G4double y = 1.0 ;
591 for (G4int i=1; i<6; ++i) {
592 y *= e;
593 x += y * c[i];
594 }
595
596 G4double w = 7.6 - e ;
597 w = 1.0 + (0.007 + 0.00005*z) * G4Exp( -w*w
598 w = 4.0 * (1.0 - G4Exp(-x)) * w * w ;
599
600 return w;
601 }
602
603 //....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oo
604
605