| Geant4 Cross Reference |
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3 Geant4 - Brachytherapy example 3 Geant4 - Brachytherapy example
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5 5
6 README 6 README
7 --------------------- 7 ---------------------
8 8
9 9
10 The brachytherapy example is currently maintai 10 The brachytherapy example is currently maintained and upgraded by Susanna Guatelli (1), Albert Le (1) and Dean Cutajar (1), with the support of
11 Luciano Pandola (2) 11 Luciano Pandola (2)
12 12
13 1. Centre For Medical Radiation Physics (CMRP) 13 1. Centre For Medical Radiation Physics (CMRP), University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
14 2. LNS, INFN, Catania, Italy. 14 2. LNS, INFN, Catania, Italy.
15 15
16 ---------------------------------------------- 16 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
17 17
18 Contact: susanna@uow.edu.au 18 Contact: susanna@uow.edu.au
19 deanc@uow.edu.au 19 deanc@uow.edu.au
20 geant4-advanced-examples@cern.ch 20 geant4-advanced-examples@cern.ch
21 21
22 ---------------------------------------------- 22 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
23 23
24 List of past co-authors: 24 List of past co-authors:
25 S. George, S. Agostinelli, F. Foppiano, S. Gar 25 S. George, S. Agostinelli, F. Foppiano, S. Garelli, M. G. Pia, M. Tropeano
26 26
27 ---------------------------------------------- 27 -----------------------------------------------------------------
28 ----> Introduction. 28 ----> Introduction.
29 29
30 Brachytherapy example simulates the energy de 30 Brachytherapy example simulates the energy deposit in a water phantom, produced by:
31 1) Iridium sources (Flexisource and TG186). 31 1) Iridium sources (Flexisource and TG186).
32 2) Iodine sources (Bebig Isoseed and Oncura 67 32 2) Iodine sources (Bebig Isoseed and Oncura 6711 I-125).
33 3) Leipzig Applicator with an iridium source ( 33 3) Leipzig Applicator with an iridium source (model from the Istituto Tumori, Genova, Italy).
34 34
35 The Flexisource, an Ir-192 source manufactured 35 The Flexisource, an Ir-192 source manufactured by Nucletron, an Elekta company, is a source commonly used for high dose rate brachytherapy treatments.
36 The geometry of the Flexisource was adapted fr 36 The geometry of the Flexisource was adapted from D. Granero, J. Pérez-Calatayud, E. Casal, et al,
37 "A dosimetric study on the Ir-192 high dose ra 37 "A dosimetric study on the Ir-192 high dose rate Flexisource", Med. Phys. 33 (12), 2006, 4578-82.
38 38
39 The TG186 source is a generic Ir-192 source cr 39 The TG186 source is a generic Ir-192 source created to provide developers of model based dose engines with a method of validating new dose calculation techniques.
40 Details of the TG186 source may be obtained fr 40 Details of the TG186 source may be obtained from Facundo Ballester, Åsa Carlsson Tedgren, Domingo Granero, et al,
41 "A generic high-dose rate 192Ir brachytherapy 41 "A generic high-dose rate 192Ir brachytherapy source for evaluation of model-based dose calculations beyond the TG-43 formalism", Med. Phys. 42, 2015, 3048-62
42 42
43 In particular in this example it is shown how 43 In particular in this example it is shown how to:
44 - model a radioactive source in terms of radi 44 - model a radioactive source in terms of radiation field and geometry
45 - model the radiation field with the General P 45 - model the radiation field with the General Particle Source with two alternative methods:
46 1) Define the energy spectrum of photons ex 46 1) Define the energy spectrum of photons exiting the radioactive core
47 2) Modelling the Radioactive decay 47 2) Modelling the Radioactive decay
48 - calculate the energy deposition in a phantom 48 - calculate the energy deposition in a phantom by means of the G4 scoring mesh
49 - define the physics by means of a Geant4 Modu 49 - define the physics by means of a Geant4 Modular Physics List
50 - save results in an analysis ROOT file 50 - save results in an analysis ROOT file
51 - calculate the dose rate distribution along t 51 - calculate the dose rate distribution along the main axis of the source
52 - compare the calculated dose rate distributio 52 - compare the calculated dose rate distribution to reference data.
53 53
54 In the case of the example, the dose rate dist 54 In the case of the example, the dose rate distribution of a Flexisource is compared to D. Granero,
55 J. Pérez-Calatayud, E. Casal, et al,"A dosime 55 J. Pérez-Calatayud, E. Casal, et al,"A dosimetric study on the Ir-192 high dose rate Flexisource", Med. Phys. 33 (12), 2006, 4578-82.
56 The dose rate distribution of the Oncura 6711 56 The dose rate distribution of the Oncura 6711 I-125 source is compared to J. Dolan, Z. Lia, J. F. Williamson, "Monte Carlo and experimental
57 dosimetry of an I-125 brachytherapy seed", Med 57 dosimetry of an I-125 brachytherapy seed", Med. Phys. 33(12), 2006.
58 58
59 The example can be executed in multithreading 59 The example can be executed in multithreading mode.
60 60
61 ---------------------------------------------- 61 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
62 ----> 1.Experimental set-up. 62 ----> 1.Experimental set-up.
63 63
64 The default source is a Ir-192 Flexisource set 64 The default source is a Ir-192 Flexisource set in the center of a water phantom with size 30 cm.
65 The phantom is set in the World volume filled 65 The phantom is set in the World volume filled with air.
66 66
67 The primary radiation field is defined by mean 67 The primary radiation field is defined by means of the GeneralParticleSource
68 ---------------------------------------------- 68 -------------------------------------------------------------------------
69 ----> 2.SET-UP 69 ----> 2.SET-UP
70 70
71 A standard Geant4 example CMakeLists.txt is pr 71 A standard Geant4 example CMakeLists.txt is provided.
72 72
73 ---------------------------------------------- 73 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
74 ----> 3.How to run the example. 74 ----> 3.How to run the example.
75 75
76 - Batch mode: 76 - Batch mode:
77 $G4WORKDIR/bin/Linux-g++/Brachy FlexiSourceM 77 $G4WORKDIR/bin/Linux-g++/Brachy FlexiSourceMacro.mac
78 $G4WORKDIR/bin/Linux-g++/Brachy LeipzigSourc 78 $G4WORKDIR/bin/Linux-g++/Brachy LeipzigSourceMacro.mac
79 $G4WORKDIR/bin/Linux-g++/Brachy IridiumSourc 79 $G4WORKDIR/bin/Linux-g++/Brachy IridiumSourceMacro.mac
80 $G4WORKDIR/bin/Linux-g++/Brachy IodiumSource 80 $G4WORKDIR/bin/Linux-g++/Brachy IodiumSourceMacro.mac (model of the Bebig Isoseed I-125)
81 $G4WORKDIR/bin/Linux-g++/Brachy OncuraIodine 81 $G4WORKDIR/bin/Linux-g++/Brachy OncuraIodineSourceMacro.mac (model of the Oncura 6711 I-125)
82 $G4WORKDIR/bin/Linux-g++/Brachy LeipzigSourc 82 $G4WORKDIR/bin/Linux-g++/Brachy LeipzigSourceMacro.mac
83 83
84 - Interative mode: 84 - Interative mode:
85 3) $G4WORKDIR/bin/Linux-g++/Brachy 85 3) $G4WORKDIR/bin/Linux-g++/Brachy
86 VisualisationMacro.mac is loaded automati 86 VisualisationMacro.mac is loaded automatically.
87 87
88 * How to change the absorber material of the p 88 * How to change the absorber material of the phantom:
89 idle>/phantom/selectMaterial materialName 89 idle>/phantom/selectMaterial materialName
90 90
91 ---------------------------------------------- 91 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
92 ----> 4. Primary radiation Field 92 ----> 4. Primary radiation Field
93 93
94 The radiation field is defined with the Genera 94 The radiation field is defined with the General Particle Source.
95 95
96 Two alternative options are offered: 96 Two alternative options are offered:
97 1) Define gamma as primary radiation field. Th 97 1) Define gamma as primary radiation field. The gamma are originated from the radioactive core.
98 This radiation field is defined in: 98 This radiation field is defined in:
99 iodine_source_primary.mac and iridium_source_p 99 iodine_source_primary.mac and iridium_source_primary.mac
100 100
101 2) Model the radioactive Decay. The primary pa 101 2) Model the radioactive Decay. The primary particle is the radionuclide.
102 This option is modelled in iodine_decay.mac an 102 This option is modelled in iodine_decay.mac and TG186_iridium_decay.mac
103 103
104 The GPS macros are executed in VisualisationMa 104 The GPS macros are executed in VisualisationMacro.mac by default, FlexiSourceMacro.mac, IodineSourceMacro.mac, LeipzigSourceMacro.mac
105 105
106 - The Flexisource is the default source of the 106 - The Flexisource is the default source of the example.
107 - In VisualisationMacro.mac the source is the 107 - In VisualisationMacro.mac the source is the default one. iridium_source_primary.mac is executed to define the radiation field emerging from the iridium core.
108 - In FlexiSourceMacro.mac the Flexi Ir source 108 - In FlexiSourceMacro.mac the Flexi Ir source geometry is selected via interactive command. The radiation field is defined in the iridium_source_primary.mac.
109 - In IodineSourceMacro.mac, the Bebig Isoseed 109 - In IodineSourceMacro.mac, the Bebig Isoseed I-125 brachytherapy source is modelled. The radiation field is modelled in terms of emitted photons in iodine_source_primary.mac.
110 Alternatively the radioactive decay of I can 110 Alternatively the radioactive decay of I can be modelled using teh macro iodine_decay.mac.
111 - In LeipzigSourceMacro.mac, A Leipzig applica 111 - In LeipzigSourceMacro.mac, A Leipzig applicator (design provided by Istituto Tumori, Genova) is modelled. The iridium_source_leipzig_primary.mac defines the radiation field of the Ir core.
112 - The TG186SourceMacro.mac models the referenc 112 - The TG186SourceMacro.mac models the reference bIr brachytherapy source. The radiation field can be either defined with the iridium_source_primary.mac (spectrum of the emitted photons) or with TG186_iridium_decay.mac (model of the Ir decay).
113 - OncuraIodineSourceMacro.mac models both the 113 - OncuraIodineSourceMacro.mac models both the geometry and the radioactive decay of the Oncura 6711 I-125 source.
114 ---------------------------------------------- 114 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
115 ----> 5. Physics List 115 ----> 5. Physics List
116 116
117 The electromagnetic Livermore Low Energy physi 117 The electromagnetic Livermore Low Energy physics is active as well as the radioactive decay.
118 The cut is 0.05 mm. 118 The cut is 0.05 mm.
119 Fluorescence and Auger electron emission are i 119 Fluorescence and Auger electron emission are included.
120 120
121 ---------------------------------------------- 121 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
122 ----> 6. Scoring mesh 122 ----> 6. Scoring mesh
123 123
124 The scoring mesh is used to calculate the ener 124 The scoring mesh is used to calculate the energy deposition in the plane containing the source (z=0 plane)
125 integrated over the whole run. The scoring mes 125 integrated over the whole run. The scoring mesh is defined in the input macro files.
126 The default output format of the scoring is ch 126 The default output format of the scoring is changed in the class BrachyUserScoreWriter.
127 The scoring mesh is fixed with a size of 20.0 127 The scoring mesh is fixed with a size of 20.025 cm along x and y. The bin size is 0.25 mm along x, y and z.
128 128
129 When running in interactive mode there is no s 129 When running in interactive mode there is no scoring mesh.The user has to add it with appropriate UI
130 130
131 ---------------------------------------------- 131 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
132 ----> 6. Analysis 132 ----> 6. Analysis
133 133
134 G4Analysis is used to create and fill histogra 134 G4Analysis is used to create and fill histograms in ROOT output files.
135 135
136 The installation of ROOT is required to plot t 136 The installation of ROOT is required to plot the results of the simulation contained
137 in primary.root and brachytherapy.root(http:// 137 in primary.root and brachytherapy.root(http://root.cern.ch/drupal/).
138 138
139 ---------------------------------------------- 139 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
140 ----> 7. Simulation output 140 ----> 7. Simulation output
141 141
142 The output is: 142 The output is:
143 143
144 - ASCII file EnergyDeposition.out, with xx (mm 144 - ASCII file EnergyDeposition.out, with xx (mm), yy(mm), zz(mm), and energy deposition (keV), in the phantom.
145 To limit the use of memory, the energy depos 145 To limit the use of memory, the energy deposition is scored only in the plane containing the source, however this can be changed by the user.
146 146
147 By default: 147 By default:
148 EnergyDeposition_Flexi.out contains the Edep 148 EnergyDeposition_Flexi.out contains the Edep when the Flexi source is selected.
149 EnergyDeposition_iodine.out contains the Ede 149 EnergyDeposition_iodine.out contains the Edep when Iodine Bebig Isoseed source is selected.
150 EnergyDeposition_TG186.out contains the Edep 150 EnergyDeposition_TG186.out contains the Edep when the TG186 source is selected.
151 EnergyDeposition_Leipzig.out contains the Ed 151 EnergyDeposition_Leipzig.out contains the Edep when the Iridium source with Leipzig applicator is selected.
152 EnergyDeposition_Oncura.out contains the Ede 152 EnergyDeposition_Oncura.out contains the Edep when the Iodine Oncura 6711 source is selected.
153 153
154 - brachytherapy.root, containing a 2D histogra 154 - brachytherapy.root, containing a 2D histogram with the energy deposition in the phantom. The macro macro.C is provided as example
155 to open brachytherapy.root in ROOT interacti 155 to open brachytherapy.root in ROOT interactive session and to plot the results of the simulation.
156 156
157 - primary.root, with 1D histogram of the ener 157 - primary.root, with 1D histogram of the energy spectrum of photons emitted by the radionuclide (see section 4).
158 plot_primary.C is provided as example to ope 158 plot_primary.C is provided as example to open primary.root and to plot the energy spectra
159 159
160 ---------------------------------------------- 160 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
161 ----> 8.Visualisation 161 ----> 8.Visualisation
162 162
163 A macro is provided ad example of visualisatio 163 A macro is provided ad example of visualisation: VisualisationMacro.mac.
164 164
165 ---------------------------------------------- 165 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
166 -----> 9. Comparison to reference data 166 -----> 9. Comparison to reference data
167 167
168 The ROOT macros macro.C and plot_primary.C are 168 The ROOT macros macro.C and plot_primary.C are provided to plot the results of the simulation, contained
169 in the brachytherapy.root file. 169 in the brachytherapy.root file.
170 170
171 The ROOT macro TG43_relative_dose.C has brachy 171 The ROOT macro TG43_relative_dose.C has brachytherapy.root as input file. It calculates the dose rate distribution along the main axis of
172 the brachytherapy source. The dose rate is nor 172 the brachytherapy source. The dose rate is normalised to 1 at 1 cm distance from the centre.
173 The output file is geant4_dose.txt with two co 173 The output file is geant4_dose.txt with two columns:
174 distance from the centre (cm) dose rate distri 174 distance from the centre (cm) dose rate distribution
175 175
176 The user can then compare the dose rate distri 176 The user can then compare the dose rate distribution calculated with the example to reference data.
177 177
178 Directory "comparison": 178 Directory "comparison":
179 As an example, the dose rate distribution calc 179 As an example, the dose rate distribution calculated with the Flexisource is compared to reference data from D. Granero, J. Pérez-Calatayud, E. Casal, et al, "A dosimetric study on the Ir-192 high dose rate Flexisource", Med. Phys. 33 (12), 2006, 4578-82.
180 180
181 The compare.C is a ROOT macro which reads the 181 The compare.C is a ROOT macro which reads the dose rate distribution calculated with the Flexisource (geant4.txt generated with the advanced example and 280 M histories ) against the reference.
182 182
183 The directory "comparison" contains: 183 The directory "comparison" contains:
184 - the reference data, granero.txt 184 - the reference data, granero.txt
185 - the data obtained in Geant4.10.3: geant4.txt 185 - the data obtained in Geant4.10.3: geant4.txt, 280 M events. geant4.txt is obtained when executing the macro TG43_relative_dose.C
186 - comparison.C - macro to read geant4.txt and 186 - comparison.C - macro to read geant4.txt and granero.txt and compare them in the same plot
187 187
188 -----> 10. Regression testing of Geant4 188 -----> 10. Regression testing of Geant4
189 - the macros to run are in test_macro 189 - the macros to run are in test_macro
190 - the results should be processed with analysi 190 - the results should be processed with analysis.C
191 191
192 192