| Geant4 Cross Reference |
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3 Geant4 - Brachytherapy example 3 Geant4 - Brachytherapy example
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5 5
6 README 6 README
7 --------------------- 7 ---------------------
8 8
9 9
10 The brachytherapy example is currently maintai 10 The brachytherapy example is currently maintained and upgraded by Susanna Guatelli (1), Albert Le (1) and Dean Cutajar (1), with the support of
11 Luciano Pandola (2) 11 Luciano Pandola (2)
12 12
13 1. Centre For Medical Radiation Physics (CMRP) 13 1. Centre For Medical Radiation Physics (CMRP), University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
14 2. LNS, INFN, Catania, Italy. 14 2. LNS, INFN, Catania, Italy.
15 15
16 ---------------------------------------------- 16 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
17 17
18 Contact: susanna@uow.edu.au 18 Contact: susanna@uow.edu.au
19 deanc@uow.edu.au 19 deanc@uow.edu.au
20 geant4-advanced-examples@cern.ch 20 geant4-advanced-examples@cern.ch
21 21
22 ---------------------------------------------- 22 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
23 23
24 List of past co-authors: 24 List of past co-authors:
25 S. George, S. Agostinelli, F. Foppiano, S. Gar 25 S. George, S. Agostinelli, F. Foppiano, S. Garelli, M. G. Pia, M. Tropeano
26 26
27 ---------------------------------------------- 27 -----------------------------------------------------------------
28 ----> Introduction. 28 ----> Introduction.
29 29
30 Brachytherapy example simulates the energy de 30 Brachytherapy example simulates the energy deposit in a water phantom, produced by:
31 1) Iridium sources (Flexisource and TG186). 31 1) Iridium sources (Flexisource and TG186).
32 2) Iodine sources (Bebig Isoseed and Oncura 67 32 2) Iodine sources (Bebig Isoseed and Oncura 6711 I-125).
33 3) Leipzig Applicator with an iridium source ( 33 3) Leipzig Applicator with an iridium source (model from the Istituto Tumori, Genova, Italy).
34 34
35 The Flexisource, an Ir-192 source manufactured 35 The Flexisource, an Ir-192 source manufactured by Nucletron, an Elekta company, is a source commonly used for high dose rate brachytherapy treatments.
36 The geometry of the Flexisource was adapted fr 36 The geometry of the Flexisource was adapted from D. Granero, J. Pérez-Calatayud, E. Casal, et al,
37 "A dosimetric study on the Ir-192 high dose ra 37 "A dosimetric study on the Ir-192 high dose rate Flexisource", Med. Phys. 33 (12), 2006, 4578-82.
38 38
39 The TG186 source is a generic Ir-192 source cr 39 The TG186 source is a generic Ir-192 source created to provide developers of model based dose engines with a method of validating new dose calculation techniques.
40 Details of the TG186 source may be obtained fr 40 Details of the TG186 source may be obtained from Facundo Ballester, Åsa Carlsson Tedgren, Domingo Granero, et al,
41 "A generic high-dose rate 192Ir brachytherapy 41 "A generic high-dose rate 192Ir brachytherapy source for evaluation of model-based dose calculations beyond the TG-43 formalism", Med. Phys. 42, 2015, 3048-62
42 42
43 In particular in this example it is shown how 43 In particular in this example it is shown how to:
44 - model a radioactive source in terms of radi 44 - model a radioactive source in terms of radiation field and geometry
45 - model the radiation field with the General P 45 - model the radiation field with the General Particle Source with two alternative methods:
46 1) Define the energy spectrum of photons ex 46 1) Define the energy spectrum of photons exiting the radioactive core
47 2) Modelling the Radioactive decay 47 2) Modelling the Radioactive decay
48 - calculate the energy deposition in a phantom 48 - calculate the energy deposition in a phantom by means of the G4 scoring mesh
49 - define the physics by means of a Geant4 Modu 49 - define the physics by means of a Geant4 Modular Physics List
50 - save results in an analysis ROOT file 50 - save results in an analysis ROOT file
51 - calculate the dose rate distribution along t 51 - calculate the dose rate distribution along the main axis of the source
52 - compare the calculated dose rate distributio 52 - compare the calculated dose rate distribution to reference data.
53 53
54 In the case of the example, the dose rate dist 54 In the case of the example, the dose rate distribution of a Flexisource is compared to D. Granero,
55 J. Pérez-Calatayud, E. Casal, et al,"A dosime 55 J. Pérez-Calatayud, E. Casal, et al,"A dosimetric study on the Ir-192 high dose rate Flexisource", Med. Phys. 33 (12), 2006, 4578-82.
56 The dose rate distribution of the Oncura 6711 56 The dose rate distribution of the Oncura 6711 I-125 source is compared to J. Dolan, Z. Lia, J. F. Williamson, "Monte Carlo and experimental
57 dosimetry of an I-125 brachytherapy seed", Med 57 dosimetry of an I-125 brachytherapy seed", Med. Phys. 33(12), 2006.
58 58
59 The example can be executed in multithreading 59 The example can be executed in multithreading mode.
60 60
61 ---------------------------------------------- 61 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
62 ----> 1.Experimental set-up. 62 ----> 1.Experimental set-up.
63 63
64 The default source is a Ir-192 Flexisource set 64 The default source is a Ir-192 Flexisource set in the center of a water phantom with size 30 cm.
65 The phantom is set in the World volume filled 65 The phantom is set in the World volume filled with air.
66 66
67 The primary radiation field is defined by mean 67 The primary radiation field is defined by means of the GeneralParticleSource
68 ---------------------------------------------- 68 -------------------------------------------------------------------------
69 ----> 2.SET-UP 69 ----> 2.SET-UP
70 70
71 A standard Geant4 example CMakeLists.txt is pr 71 A standard Geant4 example CMakeLists.txt is provided.
72 72
>> 73 Setup for analysis:
>> 74 By default, the example has no analysis component.
>> 75
>> 76 To compile and use the application with the analysis on, build the example with the following command:
>> 77 cmake -DWITH_ANALYSIS_USE=ON -DGeant4_DIR=/path/to/Geant4_installation /path/to/brachytherapy_example
>> 78
>> 79 The installation of ROOT is required (http://root.cern.ch/drupal/).
>> 80
73 ---------------------------------------------- 81 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
74 ----> 3.How to run the example. 82 ----> 3.How to run the example.
75 83
76 - Batch mode: 84 - Batch mode:
77 $G4WORKDIR/bin/Linux-g++/Brachy FlexiSourceM 85 $G4WORKDIR/bin/Linux-g++/Brachy FlexiSourceMacro.mac
78 $G4WORKDIR/bin/Linux-g++/Brachy LeipzigSourc 86 $G4WORKDIR/bin/Linux-g++/Brachy LeipzigSourceMacro.mac
79 $G4WORKDIR/bin/Linux-g++/Brachy IridiumSourc 87 $G4WORKDIR/bin/Linux-g++/Brachy IridiumSourceMacro.mac
80 $G4WORKDIR/bin/Linux-g++/Brachy IodiumSource 88 $G4WORKDIR/bin/Linux-g++/Brachy IodiumSourceMacro.mac (model of the Bebig Isoseed I-125)
81 $G4WORKDIR/bin/Linux-g++/Brachy OncuraIodine 89 $G4WORKDIR/bin/Linux-g++/Brachy OncuraIodineSourceMacro.mac (model of the Oncura 6711 I-125)
82 $G4WORKDIR/bin/Linux-g++/Brachy LeipzigSourc 90 $G4WORKDIR/bin/Linux-g++/Brachy LeipzigSourceMacro.mac
83 91
84 - Interative mode: 92 - Interative mode:
85 3) $G4WORKDIR/bin/Linux-g++/Brachy 93 3) $G4WORKDIR/bin/Linux-g++/Brachy
86 VisualisationMacro.mac is loaded automati 94 VisualisationMacro.mac is loaded automatically.
87 95
88 * How to change the absorber material of the p 96 * How to change the absorber material of the phantom:
89 idle>/phantom/selectMaterial materialName 97 idle>/phantom/selectMaterial materialName
90 98
91 ---------------------------------------------- 99 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
92 ----> 4. Primary radiation Field 100 ----> 4. Primary radiation Field
93 101
94 The radiation field is defined with the Genera 102 The radiation field is defined with the General Particle Source.
95 103
96 Two alternative options are offered: 104 Two alternative options are offered:
97 1) Define gamma as primary radiation field. Th 105 1) Define gamma as primary radiation field. The gamma are originated from the radioactive core.
98 This radiation field is defined in: 106 This radiation field is defined in:
99 iodine_source_primary.mac and iridium_source_p 107 iodine_source_primary.mac and iridium_source_primary.mac
100 108
101 2) Model the radioactive Decay. The primary pa 109 2) Model the radioactive Decay. The primary particle is the radionuclide.
102 This option is modelled in iodine_decay.mac an 110 This option is modelled in iodine_decay.mac and TG186_iridium_decay.mac
103 111
104 The GPS macros are executed in VisualisationMa 112 The GPS macros are executed in VisualisationMacro.mac by default, FlexiSourceMacro.mac, IodineSourceMacro.mac, LeipzigSourceMacro.mac
105 113
106 - The Flexisource is the default source of the 114 - The Flexisource is the default source of the example.
107 - In VisualisationMacro.mac the source is the 115 - In VisualisationMacro.mac the source is the default one. iridium_source_primary.mac is executed to define the radiation field emerging from the iridium core.
108 - In FlexiSourceMacro.mac the Flexi Ir source 116 - In FlexiSourceMacro.mac the Flexi Ir source geometry is selected via interactive command. The radiation field is defined in the iridium_source_primary.mac.
109 - In IodineSourceMacro.mac, the Bebig Isoseed 117 - In IodineSourceMacro.mac, the Bebig Isoseed I-125 brachytherapy source is modelled. The radiation field is modelled in terms of emitted photons in iodine_source_primary.mac.
110 Alternatively the radioactive decay of I can 118 Alternatively the radioactive decay of I can be modelled using teh macro iodine_decay.mac.
111 - In LeipzigSourceMacro.mac, A Leipzig applica 119 - In LeipzigSourceMacro.mac, A Leipzig applicator (design provided by Istituto Tumori, Genova) is modelled. The iridium_source_leipzig_primary.mac defines the radiation field of the Ir core.
112 - The TG186SourceMacro.mac models the referenc 120 - The TG186SourceMacro.mac models the reference bIr brachytherapy source. The radiation field can be either defined with the iridium_source_primary.mac (spectrum of the emitted photons) or with TG186_iridium_decay.mac (model of the Ir decay).
113 - OncuraIodineSourceMacro.mac models both the 121 - OncuraIodineSourceMacro.mac models both the geometry and the radioactive decay of the Oncura 6711 I-125 source.
114 ---------------------------------------------- 122 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
115 ----> 5. Physics List 123 ----> 5. Physics List
116 124
117 The electromagnetic Livermore Low Energy physi 125 The electromagnetic Livermore Low Energy physics is active as well as the radioactive decay.
118 The cut is 0.05 mm. 126 The cut is 0.05 mm.
119 Fluorescence and Auger electron emission are i <<
120 127
121 ---------------------------------------------- 128 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
122 ----> 6. Scoring mesh 129 ----> 6. Scoring mesh
123 130
124 The scoring mesh is used to calculate the ener 131 The scoring mesh is used to calculate the energy deposition in the plane containing the source (z=0 plane)
125 integrated over the whole run. The scoring mes 132 integrated over the whole run. The scoring mesh is defined in the input macro files.
126 The default output format of the scoring is ch << 133 T
>> 134 he default output format of the scoring is changed in the class BrachyUserScoreWriter.
127 The scoring mesh is fixed with a size of 20.0 135 The scoring mesh is fixed with a size of 20.025 cm along x and y. The bin size is 0.25 mm along x, y and z.
128 136
129 When running in interactive mode there is no s 137 When running in interactive mode there is no scoring mesh.The user has to add it with appropriate UI
130 138
131 ---------------------------------------------- 139 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
132 ----> 6. Analysis <<
133 <<
134 G4Analysis is used to create and fill histogra <<
135 <<
136 The installation of ROOT is required to plot t <<
137 in primary.root and brachytherapy.root(http:// <<
138 <<
139 ---------------------------------------------- <<
140 ----> 7. Simulation output 140 ----> 7. Simulation output
141 141
142 The output is: 142 The output is:
143 143
144 - ASCII file EnergyDeposition.out, with xx (mm 144 - ASCII file EnergyDeposition.out, with xx (mm), yy(mm), zz(mm), and energy deposition (keV), in the phantom.
145 To limit the use of memory, the energy depos 145 To limit the use of memory, the energy deposition is scored only in the plane containing the source, however this can be changed by the user.
146 146
147 By default: 147 By default:
148 EnergyDeposition_Flexi.out contains the Edep 148 EnergyDeposition_Flexi.out contains the Edep when the Flexi source is selected.
149 EnergyDeposition_iodine.out contains the Ede 149 EnergyDeposition_iodine.out contains the Edep when Iodine Bebig Isoseed source is selected.
150 EnergyDeposition_TG186.out contains the Edep 150 EnergyDeposition_TG186.out contains the Edep when the TG186 source is selected.
151 EnergyDeposition_Leipzig.out contains the Ed 151 EnergyDeposition_Leipzig.out contains the Edep when the Iridium source with Leipzig applicator is selected.
152 EnergyDeposition_Oncura.out contains the Ede 152 EnergyDeposition_Oncura.out contains the Edep when the Iodine Oncura 6711 source is selected.
153 153
154 - brachytherapy.root, containing a 2D histogra << 154 - brachytherapy.root, containing
155 to open brachytherapy.root in ROOT interacti << 155 - a 2D histogram with the energy deposition in the phantom. The macro macro.C is provided as example
156 << 156 to open brachytherapy.root in ROOT interactive session and to plot the results of the simulation.
157 - primary.root, with 1D histogram of the ener << 157 The ROOT file will be created if the example is built with the WITH_ANALYSIS_USE=ON option (see section 2).
158 plot_primary.C is provided as example to ope << 158 - 1D histogram withe the plot of energy spectrum of gamma emitted by the radioactive decay when gamma are generated directly as
>> 159 primary particles or whenthey derive from Radioactive Decay(see section 4).
>> 160 plot_primary.C is provided as example to open brachytherapy.root and to plot the energy spectra
159 161
160 ---------------------------------------------- 162 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
161 ----> 8.Visualisation 163 ----> 8.Visualisation
162 164
163 A macro is provided ad example of visualisatio 165 A macro is provided ad example of visualisation: VisualisationMacro.mac.
164 166
165 ---------------------------------------------- 167 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
166 -----> 9. Comparison to reference data 168 -----> 9. Comparison to reference data
167 169
168 The ROOT macros macro.C and plot_primary.C are 170 The ROOT macros macro.C and plot_primary.C are provided to plot the results of the simulation, contained
169 in the brachytherapy.root file. 171 in the brachytherapy.root file.
170 172
171 The ROOT macro TG43_relative_dose.C has brachy 173 The ROOT macro TG43_relative_dose.C has brachytherapy.root as input file. It calculates the dose rate distribution along the main axis of
172 the brachytherapy source. The dose rate is nor 174 the brachytherapy source. The dose rate is normalised to 1 at 1 cm distance from the centre.
173 The output file is geant4_dose.txt with two co 175 The output file is geant4_dose.txt with two columns:
174 distance from the centre (cm) dose rate distri 176 distance from the centre (cm) dose rate distribution
175 177
176 The user can then compare the dose rate distri 178 The user can then compare the dose rate distribution calculated with the example to reference data.
177 179
178 Directory "comparison": 180 Directory "comparison":
179 As an example, the dose rate distribution calc 181 As an example, the dose rate distribution calculated with the Flexisource is compared to reference data from D. Granero, J. Pérez-Calatayud, E. Casal, et al, "A dosimetric study on the Ir-192 high dose rate Flexisource", Med. Phys. 33 (12), 2006, 4578-82.
180 182
181 The compare.C is a ROOT macro which reads the 183 The compare.C is a ROOT macro which reads the dose rate distribution calculated with the Flexisource (geant4.txt generated with the advanced example and 280 M histories ) against the reference.
182 184
183 The directory "comparison" contains: 185 The directory "comparison" contains:
184 - the reference data, granero.txt 186 - the reference data, granero.txt
185 - the data obtained in Geant4.10.3: geant4.txt 187 - the data obtained in Geant4.10.3: geant4.txt, 280 M events. geant4.txt is obtained when executing the macro TG43_relative_dose.C
186 - comparison.C - macro to read geant4.txt and 188 - comparison.C - macro to read geant4.txt and granero.txt and compare them in the same plot
187 189
188 -----> 10. Regression testing of Geant4 190 -----> 10. Regression testing of Geant4
189 - the macros to run are in test_macro 191 - the macros to run are in test_macro
190 - the results should be processed with analysi 192 - the results should be processed with analysis.C
191 193
192 194