| Geant4 Cross Reference |
1
2 =========================================
3 Geant4 - Solid-target cyclotron
4 =========================================
5
6 README
7 ---------------------
8
9 //
10 // March 2014 - September 2014
11 // The code was written by :
12 // Floriane Poignant - floriane
13 // with the support of Scott Pe
14 //
15 // for a colloboration work between the Unive
16 // (J. Asp, P. Takhar)
17 //
18 //********************************************
19
20 -------------------------------
21 ---- I) Introduction ----
22 -------------------------------
23
24
25 This project was realised by F. Poignant at th
26 between the University of Adelaide, the SAHMRI
27 of the solid target). The aim was to model a s
28 production of the radioisotope of interest for
29 any undesired secondary product, especially is
30
31 For more details about this project and the re
32 http://www.physicamedica.com/article/S1120
33
34
35 Anyone who would like to study the production
36 irradiation can use this simulation.
37
38 The solid target system is made of a tube surr
39 between the foild and the target, and the targ
40
41 ------------------------------------
42 ---- II) Setting the database ----
43 ------------------------------------
44
45 Beforehand, you first need to make sure that t
46 particles is set up correctly. You can downloa
47 at the following links:
48
49 TENDL data:
50 - CMake can download and install this dataset,
51 -DGEANT4_INSTALL_DATASETS_TENDL=ON
52 to your CMake options.
53 - or, download via download page searching for
54 https://cern.ch/geant4/support/download
55 - or direct download:
56 https://cern.ch/geant4-data/datasets/G4TENDL
57
58 ENDF-VII0:
59 ftp://gdo-nuclear.ucllnl.org/pub/G4LEND/ (G4 L
60
61 In your bashrc file, add the following:
62 export G4PARTICLEHPDATA=/PATH_TO_TENDL____OR__
63 export G4NEUTRONHPDATA=/PATHTO_GEANT4_INSTALLA
64 export G4PHP_DO_NOT_ADJUST_FINAL_STATE=1
65 export G4PHP_MULTIPLICITY_METHOD=Poisson
66
67
68 ------------------------------------
69 ---- III) Input parameters ----
70 ------------------------------------
71
72 -----Macro/init_parameters.mac, file available
73
74 To study the optimization of the isotope produ
75 the Macro/init_parameters.mac (or using the Ge
76
77 PART1) Beam parameters
78
79 Different parameters can be changed for the
80 shape of the beam, etc ... To design your o
81 Application Developpers.
82
83 Time and current parameters
84 As Geant4 doesn't model any time scale, the
85 the following:
86 - for one event generated, the number of pa
87 is calculated the following way :
88 NumberOfParticle = beamCurrent*time
89 where - beamCurrent is a parameter that
90 - timePerEvent is set to 10E-11 sec
91 - chargetParticle is the charger of the
92 in Coulomb (for example, the value is 1
93 Then, the user can choose the time of irrad
94 would be too long. The time of irradiation
95 from a smaller time simulation.
96
97 PART2) Target parameters:
98 - the target thickness. Must be smaller tha
99 - the target diameter. Must be smaller than
100 - the target material : there are two ways
101 - If the material is natural, the user c
102 - If the material is enriched, the user
103 number of elements. The number of elemen
104 two different ways : it can be a natural
105 of isotopes that the user can set up. Pl
106 has to be the following :
107 1) Material settings
108 2) Element i settings
109 3) Isotopes settings for the elemen
110 4) Element i+1 settings
111 5) Isotopes settings for the elemen
112 For example, to create an target of nick
113 of two elements : natural nickel and pur
114 database. The pure Ni64 will be an eleme
115 target, the materialis made of one eleme
116 the folder "Macro/Material/Target" that
117
118 PART3) Foil parameters:
119 - the foil thickness.
120 - the foil material. With this parameter, i
121 aspects of the reaction. Refers to the ch
122
123 PART4) Histograms:
124 The histograms parameters can be changed in
125 proton beam with an expected energy of 16 M
126 between 15. to 17. MeV.
127
128 -----Macro/Vis/vis.mac
129 This file sets up the visualisation paramet
130
131 -----Macro/GUI/gui.mac
132 This file sets up the tool bars and buttons
133
134 ------------------------------------
135 ---- IV) Running the simulation ----
136 ------------------------------------
137
138 To run your simulation, create a "STCyclotron-
139 cmake PATHTO_SOURCE_DIRECTORY (correspon
140 make
141
142 It will create and executable 'STCyclotron'. T
143 ./STCyclotron
144
145 If the Graphical User Interface is activated a
146 should open. On the top, the tool bar enables
147 the beam parameters, one for the target materi
148 for the foil geometry. Through this tool bar,
149
150 The viewer shows you the structure of the targ
151 the tube and the foil before impacting the tar
152 (after the foil). The out-layer is made of alu
153
154 To send protons, type
155 /run/beamOn 1
156
157 /!\IMPORTANT/!\ If the number of runs you laun
158 Viewer') otherwise it will crash. This is due
159 has a limit of the number of particles it can
160
161 Note that the number of particles per event is
162 of irradiation. For 30 μA, it corresponds to
163 be too high. If you work on high current (over
164 PrimaryGeneratorAction class. Also note that,
165 You need to launch a high enough number of run
166
167 At the end of the run, type 'exit' to leave th
168 root Plot.C
169 It will create many PDF files. To exit ROOT, t
170 .q
171
172 ------------------------------------
173 ---- V) Output ----
174 ------------------------------------
175
176 Different types of output are available.
177
178 1) The .root file:
179 This ROOT file gives a list of histograms r
180
181 a) 1D histograms :
182 - n°0: The energy distribution of prim
183 - n°1: The energy distribution of prim
184 - n°2: The energy distribution of prim
185 - n°3: The energy distribution of prim
186 - n°4: The depth of isotope production
187 thickness in mm).
188 - n°5-8: energy spectrum of particles
189 particles (e.g. protons) with
190 In order: 5 = positrons; 6 = electr
191 - n°9-14: energy spectrum of par
192 the target (MeV).
193 In order: 9 = positrons; 10 = elect
194 (electron (anti)neutrinos).
195
196 b) 2D histograms :
197 - n°0: the beam intensity profile before
198 - n°1: the beam intensity profile before
199 - n°2: the radioisotopes produced accord
200 - n°3: the energy of the primary particl
201 - n°4: the beam intensity going out from
202 - n°5: the beam intensity going out from
203
204 /!\ the histograms are not normalized /!\
205 PDFs as explained below.
206
207 2) .txt files:
208 Several text files are provided :
209
210 ----a) Output_General.txt
211 This file summarizes the parameters used du
212 - Geam parameters: primary particles (by d
213 of the beam (Ampere), irradiation time (
214 factor: in the simulation, the number of
215 while the current in the actual cyclotro
216 rescales the number of particles to matc
217 - simulation parameters: equivalent time per
218 during the simulation, number of primari
219 current and the charge of the primary pa
220 - Geometry parameters: target thickness, dia
221
222 It also provides the heating of the target
223
224 ----b) Output_ParentIsotopes.txt
225 This file provides a list of radioisotopes
226 - Name of the isotope.
227 - Number of isotopes created during the simu
228 - Decay constant (s-1).
229 - Half life time (hour(s)).
230 - Process that induced its creation.
231 - Number of isotopes produced per second of
232 - Number of isotopes produced at the end of
233 - Activity induced by the isotope at the end
234
235 ----c) Output_DaughterIsotopes.txt
236 This file provides a list of unstable daugh
237 Note that it may be empty. As for the file
238 - Name of the daughter isotope.
239 - Name of the parent isotope.
240 - Decay constant of the parent isotope (s-1)
241 - Decay constant of the daughter isotope (s-
242 - Half life time of the parent isotope (hour
243 - Half life time of the daughter isotope (ho
244 - Number of daughter isotopes produced per s
245 - Number of daughter isotopes produced at th
246 - Activity induced by the daughter isotope
247
248 ----d) Output_StableIsotopes.txt
249 For information, this file provides a list
250 that are produced in the target due to the
251
252 ----e) Output_Particles.txt
253 For information, this file provides a list
254 during the simulation) that are produced in
255
256 This folder provides pdf format of the hist
257 file Plot.C to generate it. It also provide
258 - the number of each isotope according to
259 the end of the irradiation, but also until
260 - the variation of activity from the end of
261
262 3) PDF Files:
263
264 After running the 'Plot.C' file, you obtain
265 outputs from the simulation (.root file and
266
267 ----a) Results/BeamData folder
268 - BeamEnergyInFoil.pdf and BeamEnergyInTarg
269 normalized to the number of primary proto
270 - BeamEnergyOutFoil.pdf and BeamEnergyOutTa
271 normalized to the number of primary proto
272 - BeamIntensityInFoil.pdf and BeamIntensity
273 normalized per primary particle and to th
274 - BeamIntensityOutTarget.pdf: beam intensit
275 widths.
276 - EnergyDepth.pdf: energy of protons as a f
277
278 ----b) Results/IsotopesProduction
279 - ActivityOfXX.pdf and YieldOfXX.pdf
280 Shows the production of the isotope XX (n
281 irradiation and up to 30 hours. Note that
282 to display the activity or yield by openi
283 - ActivitySaturationOfXX.pdf and YiedSatura
284 Shows the saturation reached for the prod
285 time of irradiation is set 'infinite'.
286 - Activity.pdf/Activity.jpg and Yield.pdf/Y
287 Shows the activity (or yield) of all the
288 same graph.
289 - TotalActivity.pdf
290 Shows the sum of the activities induced b
291 - RadioisotopeProduction.pdf/RadioisotopePr
292 Shows the number of isotopes produced per
293 - DepthCreation.pdf
294 Shows the depth at which radioisotopes we
295
296 ----c) ParticlesEnergySpectra
297 Subfolder: beam. Energy spectra (normal
298 interaction of the beam with the target
299 Subfolder: decay. Energy spectra (norma
300 radioisotopes created in the target (1D
301
302 ------------------------------------
303 ---- VI) Checking the results ----
304 ------------------------------------
305
306 Keep a critical mind with the results : they a
307 of your results on checking the nuclear databa
308 http://www.oecd-nea.org/janis/book/
309
310 In the web access part, you can click on the â
311 For example, for the production of Copper 64,
312 Click on 28-Ni-64 and select the nuclear react
313 nuclear databases and experiments.
314
315 The computed values can be used to be compared
316 https://www-nds.iaea.org/exfor/exfor.htm
317 Enter the parameters of the irradiation (i.e.,
318 data available. Tick the ones you are interest
319 experimental values. On the right, you can tic
320 are coherent. Rename your data. Tick “author
321 selecting a PDF format.
322
323 These tools can be used to check on the accura